Deep Sea Creatures "See the Light"

Deep below the surface of the ocean, so deep that the sun's rays can't even reach, animals have found a different way to glow. This occurrence is known as bioluminescence, which I see as one of nature's most beautiful survival methods. Many people don't encounter bioluminescence because it is not present in most land animals. However, it is extremely common in the twilight zone of the ocean where creatures need their own light to see and for other purposes.

I have seen these gorgeous colors in animals like jellyfish before but never knew how they were created. The answer is that light is created through a chemical reaction inside these organisms that emit light as a product. The two major components of this reaction are a molecule called luciferin and the enzyme luciferase. When luciferin reacts with oxygen, helped by the luciferase enzyme, it releases light and little to no heat. This reaction creates an array of colors but most commonly blue or green.

This simple reaction has a host of functions. One of the most common uses is camouflage as seen in squid and lanternfish. These species have rows of light-emitting organs on the underside of their bodies that allow them to blend in with the small rays of light that barely shine through from the water's surface. Another example is found in anglerfish where it has a rod coming from the top of its head attached to a glowing ball where the reaction takes place. This has a dual purpose: to attract curious prey and to attract mates. 

One problem that biologists have encountered with bioluminescence is that it is incredibly difficult to observe. Turning on brighter lights may cause these animals to be scared away, and also the bioluminescent light is hardly visible under other lights. These two challenges are just a few of the many complications in researching these creatures, leaving many questions still unanswered.